Introduction: A Historic Change in Japanese Romanization
For the first time in 70 years, Japan is changing how its language is written in Roman letters! On July 14, 2025, the country’s cultural council finalized a draft proposal to shift from the “Kunrei-shiki” system to the “Hepburn” system. This means that sounds like “ち,” previously written as “ti,” will now be spelled “chi,” aligning more closely with English pronunciation. This decision marks a significant moment for anyone interacting with Japanese—whether you’re a language learner, a traveler, or a business professional. But why is this change happening now, and how will it affect you? Let’s explore the details.
(Asahi Newspaper)
What Is Romanization and Why Should You Care?
Romanization is the process of converting Japanese characters—hiragana, katakana, and kanji—into the Latin alphabet (A-Z). Since Japanese writing systems can be daunting for foreigners, Romanization acts as a bridge, allowing non-native speakers to read and pronounce Japanese words without mastering its scripts. It’s used in:
- Textbooks and dictionaries for language learners
- Street signs and maps for tourists
- Passports and official documents for international communication
- Online searches and typing for digital accessibility
Imagine trying to order “sushi” or find “Tokyo” without Romanization—it’s a vital tool that makes Japanese culture and language more approachable.
The Two Systems: Kunrei-shiki vs. Hepburn Explained
Japan has relied on two main Romanization systems: Kunrei-shiki and Hepburn. Here’s how they differ:
Kunrei-shiki: The Systematic Approach
Introduced in 1937 by a cabinet order, the Kunrei-shiki system is rooted in the Japanese syllabary (gojūon), a chart organizing sounds by consonants and vowels. It’s highly systematic, but not always intuitive for foreigners. Examples include:
- “ち” (chi sound) → “ti”
- “じゅ” (ju sound) → “zyu”
- “つ” (tsu sound) → “tu”
This mirrors Japanese phonetics (e.g., the “t” consonant paired with different vowels), but it doesn’t reflect how these words sound to English speakers.
Hepburn: The English-Friendly Option
Developed in the 19th century by American missionary James Curtis Hepburn, this system prioritizes English phonetics, making it easier for foreigners to pronounce Japanese correctly. Examples include:
- “ち” → “chi”
- “じゅ” → “ju”
- “つ” → “tsu”
Here’s a side-by-side comparison with common words:
Japanese Word |
Kunrei-shiki |
Hepburn |
Pronunciation |
ちゃ (tea) |
tya |
cha |
cha |
しんじゅく (Shinjuku) |
Sinzyuku |
Shinjuku |
shin-joo-koo |
すし (sushi) |
susi |
sushi |
soo-shee |
The Hepburn system’s alignment with pronunciation has made it a favorite among non-native speakers.
A Brief History: From Post-War to Present
The story of Romanization in Japan is tied to its modern history:
- Post-World War II: After the war, the Allied forces (led by the U.S.) used the Hepburn system for station names, maps, and documents. This introduced Hepburn to everyday life in Japan, even though Kunrei-shiki was the official standard.
- 1954 Cabinet Notice: The Japanese government mandated Kunrei-shiki for general use, envisioning a future where Roman letters might replace kana for writing Japanese. However, this idea never took off. Instead, Romanization became a tool for showing pronunciation—especially for proper nouns like “Tokyo” or “Suzuki”—to foreigners.
- Growing Divide: Over decades, a split emerged. Hepburn dominated practical contexts (passports, road signs), while Kunrei-shiki lingered in some academic settings. This inconsistency confused learners and travelers alike.
The 2025 Decision: Why Hepburn Won
Fast forward to 2022: Japan’s cultural council (文化審議会), an advisory body on language and culture, began reviewing Romanization standards. They noted that Kunrei-shiki had failed to gain traction in modern society, while Hepburn was already widely used. On July 14, 2025, they decided to make Hepburn the official standard. Key reasons include:
- Ease of Use: Hepburn matches how foreigners hear Japanese, reducing the learning curve.
- Global Alignment: Other languages, like Chinese with Pinyin, use accessible Romanization systems. Japan is following suit.
- Practical Reality: Hepburn is already the norm in many contexts, so this change formalizes what’s been happening informally for years.
How Will This Change Affect You?
This shift from Kunrei-shiki to Hepburn will ripple across various areas:
For Language Learners
If you’re studying Japanese, expect textbooks and apps to adopt Hepburn consistently. Seeing “chi” instead of “ti” will make pronunciation more intuitive. For example, the city “東京” will stay “Tōkyō” (Hepburn) rather than “Tôkyô” (Kunrei-shiki), matching what you hear.
For Travelers
Navigating Japan will get simpler. Station names like “Shinjuku” or “Kyoto” will remain familiar, while lesser-known places will adopt spellings that reflect their true sounds. No more guessing if “Sinzyuku” is the same as “Shinjuku”!
For Businesses and Officials
Passports, visas, and trade documents will standardize on Hepburn, streamlining international communication. Names like “Suzuki” (not “Suduki”) will be consistent worldwide.
In the Digital World
Typing Japanese on keyboards or searching online often relies on Romanization. Hepburn’s dominance in input methods (e.g., typing “chi” for “ち”) means this change will enhance digital accessibility.
My Take: Why I Love This Change
As someone who learned Japanese as a second language, I’ve always found Hepburn more helpful. When I started, “chi” for “ち” clicked instantly—it sounded right. “Ti,” on the other hand, threw me off; it felt like a puzzle I couldn’t solve. I’ve also seen friends struggle with mixed Romanization in apps or guides. This switch feels like Japan saying, “We want you to understand us better,” and I’m all for it.
Potential Pushback: Is Hepburn Perfect?
Not everyone agrees with this change. Some linguists argue that Kunrei-shiki’s systematic approach better reflects Japanese phonetics and should be kept for educational purposes. For example, it shows how “ち” (ti) and “た” (ta) share the same “t” consonant, aiding phonetic understanding.
But here’s the counterpoint: practicality trumps theory for most users. Foreigners—Japan’s target audience for Romanization—don’t need to dissect phonetics; they need to speak and read. A hypothetical language expert might say, “Hepburn removes a barrier, making Japanese welcoming rather than academic.”
Broader Implications: Japan Goes Global
This isn’t just about spelling—it’s about Japan’s place in the world. As tourism booms (over 30 million visitors in 2019 alone) and globalization grows, Japan is adapting. Standardizing on Hepburn aligns with systems like Pinyin for Chinese, showing a commitment to accessibility. It’s a small but symbolic step toward cultural exchange.
Consider technology, too. Search engines and AI rely on Romanized input. By embracing Hepburn, Japan ensures its language stays relevant in a digital age—whether you’re Googling “sushi recipes” or booking a “Tokyo” hotel.
Conclusion: A Brighter Future for Japanese
After 70 years, Japan’s move from Kunrei-shiki to Hepburn is a win for clarity and connection. It’s a recognition that language evolves with society, and today, that means reaching out to the world. Whether you’re a student mastering “konnichiwa,” a tourist exploring “Kyoto,” or a professional dealing with “Suzuki-san,” this change will make your experience smoother. So next time you see “chi” instead of “ti,” know it’s Japan opening its doors a little wider.