In a rapidly globalizing Japan, the delicate balance between fostering inclusivity and addressing societal concerns is under scrutiny. On September 16, 2025, it was announced that Japan’s Ministry of Justice will conduct a comprehensive survey on hate speech targeting foreigners in fiscal year 2026. This initiative, backed by a proposed budget of approximately 70 million yen (about $500,000 USD), coincides with the 10th anniversary of the Hate Speech Elimination Law in June 2026. As social media amplifies both unity and division, and with Japan’s foreign population surpassing 3 million, the survey aims to understand the evolving nature of discriminatory rhetoric while navigating the complex interplay between free expression, public safety, and cultural harmony.
The Changing Face of Hate Speech in Japan
Hate speech—defined as language that incites discrimination or hostility based on ethnicity, nationality, or origin—first gained significant attention in Japan during the 2010s. Street demonstrations by fringe groups targeting Zainichi Koreans, descendants of Korean migrants from Japan’s colonial period, sparked national debates. These protests often included inflammatory slogans and veiled threats, prompting the 2016 Hate Speech Elimination Law. This legislation promotes education and local government action to curb hate speech without imposing criminal penalties, reflecting Japan’s preference for social harmony over punitive measures.
Today, the landscape has shifted. While street protests have declined, possibly due to public backlash and stricter oversight, online platforms like X and anonymous forums have become new battlegrounds. The Ministry notes that hate speech now targets a broader range of communities, including Kurds in regions like Saitama, alongside Zainichi Koreans. Social media’s reach amplifies these messages, often fueled by algorithms that prioritize engagement over ethics. The 2026 survey will analyze these trends, collecting data from online sources, victim testimonies, and expert input to assess the law’s impact and identify gaps in enforcement.
A Broader Perspective: Crime, Concern, and Context
While hate speech is a pressing issue, some argue it’s only one side of a complex equation. Japan, like any nation, grapples with maintaining public order amid growing diversity. Foreign nationals contribute significantly to the economy—filling labor gaps in industries like construction and healthcare—but incidents of crime or disruptive behavior by some individuals have fueled public frustration. For instance, police data shows that while foreign crime rates are low relative to the population (about 2% of total arrests in 2023), high-profile cases, such as theft or public disturbances, often dominate headlines, amplifying perceptions of insecurity.
Critics of the current approach argue that labeling all criticism of foreign-related issues as “hate speech” risks stifling legitimate concerns. They emphasize that distinguishing between unjust discrimination and necessary societal boundaries is crucial. For example, residents in areas with high foreign populations sometimes report issues like littering or noise, which they feel are inadequately addressed. These critics advocate for stronger government action to enforce laws against illegal or disruptive behavior, arguing that proactive measures could reduce tensions and prevent xenophobic rhetoric from gaining traction. Without such steps, they warn, public resentment may grow, further polarizing communities.
On the other hand, unchecked hate speech carries real consequences. Studies show it can lead to psychological harm, social isolation, and even physical violence against targeted groups. For Zainichi Koreans, Kurds, and others, online harassment erodes trust in institutions and hinders integration. Japan’s aging population relies on foreign workers, making inclusivity not just a moral issue but an economic necessity. The Ministry’s survey could bridge these perspectives by identifying patterns of harmful rhetoric while exploring ways to address underlying grievances without vilifying entire communities.
Global Lessons and Japan’s Unique Context
Japan’s approach to hate speech reflects its cultural emphasis on harmony (wa), but it also resonates with global trends. From Europe’s struggles with anti-immigrant sentiment to the U.S.’s debates over online moderation, nations worldwide face similar challenges. Japan’s survey could offer insights for others, particularly in how it balances free speech with social cohesion. Unlike some Western nations that impose fines or jail time for hate speech, Japan’s law focuses on prevention through education—a strategy that aligns with its non-confrontational ethos but may lack teeth for some critics.
The rise of new political groups adds complexity. Some parties have capitalized on anti-foreigner sentiment, framing it as a defense of national identity. While their rhetoric may resonate with frustrated citizens, it risks oversimplifying issues like crime or cultural integration. The survey could shed light on how such narratives spread online, informing policies like media literacy campaigns or partnerships with tech platforms to moderate content responsibly.
Moving Forward: A Path to Coexistence
Japan’s multicultural future depends on addressing both hate speech and legitimate societal concerns. The 2026 survey is a step toward understanding the scope of xenophobic rhetoric, but it must also consider why such sentiments arise. Strengthening law enforcement’s response to illegal activities—whether committed by citizens or foreigners—could build public trust and reduce the appeal of divisive narratives. Simultaneously, initiatives like cultural exchange programs or school curricula emphasizing diversity can foster empathy. Japan’s history of blending tradition with modernity positions it well to lead by example, creating a society where differences strengthen rather than divide.
For an international audience, this issue underscores a universal truth: no society is immune to division, but proactive, balanced approaches can pave the way for unity. As Japan prepares for this landmark survey, it has a chance to model how to confront hate while addressing real-world challenges, ensuring all residents feel valued and safe.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is Japan’s Hate Speech Elimination Law?
Enacted in 2016, it promotes education and local government action to combat discriminatory language targeting ethnic or national groups, though it does not impose criminal penalties.
2. Why is the Ministry of Justice conducting a hate speech survey in 2026?
The survey aims to assess the prevalence and evolution of hate speech, especially online, as the 10th anniversary of the Hate Speech Elimination Law approaches, to inform future policies.
3. Are concerns about foreign-related crime considered hate speech?
Not necessarily. Legitimate criticism of specific behaviors or crimes is distinct from discriminatory rhetoric targeting entire groups. The challenge lies in separating the two without stifling valid concerns.
4. How can Japan address both hate speech and public frustrations?
By enforcing laws against illegal activities consistently, promoting cultural understanding, and using data from the survey to craft policies that address root causes of tension.
